Investment Casting

Investment Casting

investment casting operation

Dedication to Quality : Precision Investment Casting Service

Our advanced lost wax casting process enables us to transform a concept model into reality efficiently and affordably. By integrating our precision investment casting technology with cutting-edge CNC machining, we can overcome various engineering design limitations.

Our investment casting method offers a rapid and cost-effective solution for both low and high-volume production. It allows for the creation of intricate components with detailed internal and external features, ultra-smooth surface finishes, and thin-wall structures—eliminating the need for machining from solid material.

Casted Parts Various

Steps of Investment Casting Process

Pattern Creation

Wax patterns are created using an injection molding process.
  • The wax is injected into a mold to form patterns of the desired shape

  • These patterns are designed to match the final product’s dimensions and surface finish.

  • The wax patterns can vary in size and shape depending on the casting requirements.

Investment-Casting-Wax-Patterns

Assembly

Patterns are assembled onto a wax tree or sprue.
  • Multiple wax patterns are attached to a central sprue, which acts as the conduit for molten metal.
  • The arrangement of patterns on the sprue is important to ensure uniform metal flow and prevent defects.
Wax tree sprue assembly

Shell Building

The wax tree is dipped into a ceramic slurry, then coated with fine sand.
  • This process is repeated multiple times to build up the ceramic shell.
  • The slurry, typically made of silica or other refractory materials, is applied in layers.

  • Each layer is followed by coating it with fine sand for reinforcement.

  • This process builds a durable ceramic shell around the wax patterns, which is crucial for withstanding molten metal during casting.

shell building

Dewaxing

The shell-coated assembly is heated to remove the wax, leaving a hollow shell.
  • The assembly is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax

  • The wax melts out, leaving behind a hollow ceramic shell.

  • This process must be carefully controlled to prevent damage to the ceramic shell and to ensure complete removal of the wax.

DEWAXING

Casting

The preheated ceramic shell is filled with molten metal.
  • The ceramic shell is preheated to a temperature just below the melting point of the chosen metal.
  • Molten metal is then poured into the hollow cavity created by the wax pattern.
  • The metal must be poured carefully to ensure proper filling of all cavities and avoid air pockets or defects.
Precision Casting Process

Cooling and Solidification

The molten metal is allowed to cool and solidify inside the ceramic shell.
  • The metal is allowed to cool and solidify at a controlled rate.
  • This step is important to prevent issues like shrinkage or cracking in the metal.
  • The cooling process is controlled based on the metal type and part size to achieve desired material properties.
Cooling of the Casted Parts

Shell Removal

The ceramic shell is broken away to reveal the solidified metal casting.
  • After cooling, the ceramic shell is cracked or chipped away, revealing the cast part.
  • The shell is brittle after the casting process, and care must be taken not to damage the final metal part during removal.
casting shell removal operation

Finishing

Final operations such as cutting, grinding, polishing, and inspection are performed.
  • The cast part undergoes finishing operations to remove excess metal (e.g., from gates or runners), smooth rough surfaces, and polish if needed.
  • Any defects or imperfections are removed through grinding and other techniques.
  • Non-destructive testing may be performed for quality control.
Casting Finishing Operation

Materials

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel offers excellent corrosion resistance and strength, making it ideal for applications in corrosive environments

Characteristics
  • Exceptional corrosion resistance in harsh environments.
  • High tensile and yield strength.
  • Excellent wear resistance.
Behaviour
  • Flows well during casting, ensuring high-quality surface finishes.
  • Requires precise temperature control to avoid defects.
  • High versatility.

Carbon Steel

Carbon steel is one of the most commonly used materials due to its wide availability, affordability, and versatility.

Characteristics
  • High mechanical strength and impact resistance.
  • Easy to machine compared to stainless steel.
  • Cost-effective.
Behaviour
  • Requires heat treatment to improve the hardness.

  • Susceptible to corrosion; needs protective coatings.
  • Durable for industrial uses.

Aluminium Alloys

Aluminium is lightweight popular with different alloys frequently used in automotive, aerospace, and marine industries.

Characteristics
  • Lightweight with low density.
  • Good corrosion resistance
  • Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity.
Behaviour
  • Requires post-casting heat treatment to relieve internal stresses.
  • Highly fluid during casting, allowing intricate designs.
  • It undergoes significant shrinkage during solidification

Bronze and Brass

Aluminium is lightweight popular with different alloys frequently used in automotive, aerospace, and marine industries.

Characteristics
  • Bronze: High wear resistance, good corrosion resistance, excellent machinability.

  • Brass: High malleability and corrosion resistance.

Behaviour
  • Bronze: Flows well during casting, enabling detailed designs.

  • Brass: Easy to work with for decorative and industrial applications.

  • Plumbing fixtures, decorative components

high quality investment casting parts

Pre and Post Operations

Pre Casting Operations

Mold and wax pattern design, material selection, and quality control of raw materials.

  • Pattern Creation: Wax or plastic patterns are created using injection molds.It ensures accurate replication of the final component.

  • Pattern Assembly: Multiple wax patterns are attached to a wax sprue to form a “tree.” It allows efficient metal pouring and minimizes material waste.

  • Shell Mold Formation: Ceramic slurry and refractory materials are applied layer-by-layer over the wax tree. It creates a durable mold capable of capturing fine details and tolerances.
  • Dewaxing: Wax is melted and removed using heat (e.g., autoclave or furnace). It leaves a clean hollow cavity in the ceramic mold for the molten metal.

  • Shell Firing: The ceramic shell is heated to high temperatures to strengthen it. It prepares the shell to withstand thermal shock during casting.

  • Mold Preheating: Ceramic molds are preheated before metal pouring. It helps reduce thermal shock and improve metal flow.

Post Casting Operations

Heat treatment, machining, surface finishing, and non-destructive testing (NDT).

  • Shell Removal: Ceramic shell is broken off using mechanical, chemical, or thermal methods.It releases the metal cast from the mold.

  • Cutting of Runners/Sprues: Sprues and gating systems are cut away using saws or grinders.It separates the usable component from excess material.

  • Heat Treatment: Cast parts undergo heat treatments (e.g., annealing, tempering).It enhances mechanical properties like strength, hardness, and ductility.

  • Surface Cleaning: Sandblasting, shot blasting, or chemical cleaning removes residues and oxides.It Improves surface quality and prepares the part for finishing.

  • Machining: Machining (e.g., CNC Milling, CNC Turning, Drilling) refines dimensions or adds complex features. It achieves precise tolerances and functionality not possible through casting.

  • Finishing: Polishing, painting, anodizing, or plating to enhance aesthetics, corrosion resistance, and surface protection.

Comparison of Casting Types

Process Advantages Disadvantages
Investment Casting High precision, excellent surface finish Higher cost, longer lead times
Sand Casting Cost-effective for large parts Poor surface finish, lower accuracy
Die Casting Suitable for high-volume production Limited to non-ferrous metals
Permanent Mold Casting Durable moulds, good dimensional accuracy High initial tooling costs
high quality investment casting finishes

Quality Control

1- Material Selection

Ensuring the quality of raw materials (metals, alloys, and refractories).

  • Spectroscopic Analysis: Ensures correct alloy composition.

  • Hardness Testing: Verifies the material’s ability to withstand deformation.

Material Selection
Wax quality Control

2. Wax Pattern Inspection

Inspecting patterns for cracks, air bubbles, or voids and verifying dimensional tolerances to ensure the mold matches specifications.

  • Visual Inspection: Detects surface irregularities.

  • Dimensional Accuracy Check: Measured with calipers, laser scanning, or optical comparators.

3. Shell Building

Building shell layers uniformly and consistently to ensure controlled drying and hardening to avoid shell cracks.

  • Thickness Measurement: Ensures shell thickness is within acceptable limits.

  • Thermal Testing: Verifies the shell’s resistance to thermal shock during casting.

shell building inspection
shell building

4. Mold (Shell) Inspection

Checking the shell mold for surface finish, uniformity, and strength as well as performing stress tests to ensure mold durability during casting.

  • Visual Inspection: Detects surface imperfections.

  • Drop Test: Assesses shell strength by simulating handling stresses.

5. Casting Process Control

Monitoring molten metal temperature for accurate pouring, avoiding porosity, air entrainment, and turbulence in casting.

  • Thermocouple Monitoring: Tracks molten metal temperature.

  • Flow Simulation Tests: Predicts how molten metal will fill the mold to minimize defects.

casting temperature control
post casting x ray inspection

6. Post-Casting Inspection

Inspecting the casting for surface and internal defects with several NDT tests

  • X-Ray or Radiographic Testing: Detects internal defects like porosity or shrinkage cavities.
  • Ultrasonic Testing: Finds subsurface defects.
  • Dye Penetrant Testing:Highlights surface cracks or pinholes.
  • Dimensional Accuracy Testing: Performed with CMM or laser scanners.

7. Heat Treatment and Finishing

Performing heat treatment to adjust material properties and finishing processes like grinding and polishing to improve surface quality.

  • Hardness Testing: Ensures material meets the hardness requirement.

  • Microstructure Analysis: Examines grain structure for desired mechanical properties.

post casting heat treatment
Hardness Testing

8. Final Inspection and Testing

Conducting mechanical testing to verify material properties and verifying dimensional conformance to blueprints or 3D models.

  • Tensile Testing: Measures strength and elongation.

  • Impact Testing: Verifies toughness under dynamic loads.

  • Hardness Testing: Confirms material hardness.

  • Fatigue Testing: Assesses performance under cyclic loads.

Investment Casting Costs and Pricing

Material Costs


  • Type of metal/alloy used (stainless steel, aluminum, superalloys)
  • Material density
  • Material wastage (sprues, gates, runners)

How to manage?

  • Choose materials with the required properties at the lowest cost
  • Minimize waste during the gating process

Tooling & Mold Costs


  • Part complexity (geometries, undercuts, internal cavities)
  • Number of cavities or cores
  • Quality of pattern creation (manual or automated)

How to manage?

  • Simplify part designs where possible
  • Consider long-term use of tooling for high volumes to amortize costs
how do we price casting work

Casting Size and Weight


  • Part size and weight
  • Time taken for melting, pouring, and cooling
  • Larger parts require more metal and higher energy consumption

How to manage?

  • Optimize part size to balance functionality with cost
  • Consolidate multiple parts into one casting if possible

Design Complexity


  • Geometric complexity (thin walls, deep cavities, internal features)
  • Need for cores and special gating

  • Requirement for fine surface finishes and tolerances

How to manage?

  • Simplify designs where possible
  • Use simulation tools to optimize gating and reduce defects

Runners, Gates & Risers


  • Size and number of gates and risers
  • Material used (some metals need larger gating systems)
  • Complexity of the runner system

How to manage?

  • Use simulation software to optimize runner design
  • Ensure efficient gating to minimize wastage

Post Processing


  • Type of heat treatment required (annealing, stress relieving)
  • Post-casting surface finishes (polishing, grinding)
  • Machining required for tight tolerances

How to manage?

  • Minimize post-processing needs by optimizing design
  • Consider alternative heat treatment methods that reduce costs

Quality Control & Inspection


  • Non-destructive testing (e.g., X-ray, ultrasonic)
  • Dimensional checks and visual inspection
  • Tolerances and surface finish requirements

How to manage?

  • Incorporate in-process inspections to catch defects early
  • Use automated testing and inspection techniques

Production Volume


  • Size of the production run
  • Setup time and tooling amortization
  • Machine downtime and setup time for each batch

How to manage?

  • For low-volume parts, consolidate production to ensure tooling and setup costs are shared across as many parts as possible

Some Produced Products

investment-casting-parts01
Investment casting part
Investment Casting Stainless Steel Goods
Various casted machine parts
investment-casting-parts02
investment casting parts

FAQ

What industries commonly use investment casting?2025-03-19T09:44:54+00:00

Investment casting is used in a variety of industries, including:

  • Aerospace
  • Automotive
  • Medical
  • Military and defense
  • Industrial machinery
  • Power generation
  • Jewelry and art casting
What are the benefits of investment casting?2025-03-19T09:47:50+00:00
  • Precision and accuracy: Produces complex shapes with tight tolerances.
  • Smooth surface finish: Requires minimal machining or finishing.
  • Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of metals and designs.
  • Material efficiency: Minimizes waste due to near-net-shape production.
  • Cost-effectiveness: Reduces the need for assembly by integrating multiple components into one casting.
What are the size and weight limitations for investment casting?2025-03-19T09:48:55+00:00

Investment casting is versatile in terms of size and weight. Components can range from a few grams to several kilograms. However, extremely large or heavy components may require alternative manufacturing processes.

How long does the investment casting process take2025-03-19T09:49:39+00:00

The timeline for investment casting depends on the complexity of the design, the quantity of parts, and other factors. Typically, the process takes several weeks from the creation of the wax pattern to the final product.

What is the lead time for custom orders?2025-03-19T10:00:51+00:00

Lead times vary based on factors such as design complexity, material selection, and order volume. On average, lead times range from 4 to 8 weeks. Expedited services may be available upon request.

Can investment casting be used for prototypes?2025-03-19T10:06:01+00:00

Yes, investment casting is an excellent choice for prototypes due to its ability to produce high-precision components without the need for expensive tooling.

What design considerations should be kept in mind for investment casting?2025-03-19T10:06:48+00:00

To ensure the best results, consider the following design guidelines:

  • Avoid sharp corners; use radii to reduce stress concentrations.
  • Maintain uniform wall thicknesses where possible.
  • Include draft angles to facilitate mold removal.
  • Discuss tolerances and other specific requirements with the casting service provider.
How do I request a quote for investment casting?2025-03-19T10:07:46+00:00

To request a quote, provide the following details:

  • Part design or CAD model
  • Desired material
  • Quantity required
  • Specific tolerances and surface finish requirements
  • Any additional certifications or testing requirements
What tolerances can be achieved with investment casting?2025-03-19T10:09:09+00:00

Investment casting is known for its ability to achieve tight tolerances.The exact tolerances depend on factors such as material type, part geometry, and size. For critical dimensions, additional machining may be performed to meet exact specifications.

Can cores be used to create internal cavities in parts?2025-03-19T10:09:49+00:00

Yes, ceramic cores can be used during the investment casting process to create complex internal cavities and passages within a component. These cores are removed after casting to leave the desired hollow features.

How does investment casting compare to die casting?2025-03-19T10:10:34+00:00

Investment casting and die casting are both precise manufacturing methods but differ in application:

  • Investment casting is better suited for smaller production runs, intricate designs, and high-melting-point alloys.
  • Die casting is ideal for high-volume production and materials such as aluminum and zinc but may require more expensive tooling.
What types of surface finishes can be achieved?2025-03-19T10:11:31+00:00

Investment casting typically results in a smooth surface finish. Additional finishing processes such as polishing, machining, or coating can be applied to meet specific requirements.

Can parts be heat-treated after investment casting?2025-03-19T10:12:03+00:00

Yes, parts produced through investment casting can undergo heat treatment to improve mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Heat treatment processes depend on the material used and the intended application of the part.

What is the typical shrinkage rate in investment casting?2025-03-19T10:12:42+00:00

The shrinkage rate in investment casting varies depending on the material, typically ranging from 1% to 2%. This shrinkage is accounted for during the design phase to ensure the final dimensions meet specifications.

How can we help you ?

Investment Casting is indispensable to various industries and their success depends on the careful selection of contractors.

Novelty Structures stands out as a reliable partner in providing high-quality Casting parts with complementary Post-Casting operations tailored to demanding industrial needs.

Contact our team to further discuss your needs.

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