Pros:

• Detects surface and near-surface defects effectively.
• Quick and relatively inexpensive.
• Portable and simple equipment.
• Works well on ferromagnetic materials.

Cons:

• Limited to ferromagnetic materials (e.g., steel, iron).
• Cannot detect deeply embedded flaws.
• Surface preparation may be needed for effective results.
• Requires interpretation by a skilled operator.

Pros:

• Detects surface defects on any non-porous material (metals, plastics, ceramics).
• Inexpensive and simple to perform.
• Highly portable.

Cons:

• Limited to surface defects; cannot detect subsurface flaws.
• Requires thorough cleaning before and after testing.
• Not suitable for porous materials.
• Relies on proper application of the dye and inspection under appropriate lighting.

Pros:

• Can detect internal defects (e.g., cracks, porosity, inclusions).
• Provides a permanent record (film or digital image).
• Effective for complex weld geometries.

Cons:

• Expensive and requires specialized equipment.
• Involves health and safety risks due to radiation exposure.
• Requires skilled personnel for interpretation of images.
• Not effective for very thick materials without increased radiation power.

Pros:

• Highly accurate in detecting subsurface defects.
• Provides precise location, size, and shape of flaws.
• Can be used on thick materials.
• Portable equipment.

Cons:

• Requires skilled operators to interpret results accurately.
• Difficult to use on very thin materials or rough surfaces.
• Limited effectiveness on irregularly shaped welds or coarse-grained materials like cast iron.

Pros:

• Highly effective for detecting leaks in sealed or pressurized systems.
• Methods like helium leak testing are extremely sensitive.
• Can identify even small leaks.

Cons:

• Some methods require expensive equipment (e.g., helium leak detection).
• Time-consuming for large systems.
• Surface preparation or pressurization may be necessary.
• May not identify the exact location of the defect without additional inspection.